Demand Side Cost-Sharing and Prescription Drugs Utilization: Evidence From a Quasi-Natural Experiment
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this paper we investigate the eects of introduction of lump sum copayments on the utilization of prescription drugs by elderly patients.We make use of an unique dataset and analyze the policy change that implemented patient cost-sharing in the Czech Republic starting in 2008.After the introduction of copayments the number of prescriptions lled decreased by 29%.At the same time, however, total expenditures on prescription drugs dropped only in the rst quarter of the postintroduction period and then returned to previous levels.This was partially due to behavioral responses of patients and physicians: strategic shift of prescription purchases to the time right before the introduction of reform, prescription of more packages on one prescription and an upward shift in the price composition of prescribed drugs.Moreover, patients in general decided to forego those types of drugs that did not cause immediate worsening of health status.Abstrakt V naem lnku zkoumme efekt zaveden regulanch poplatk na spotebu lk na pedpis.Nae analza se sousted zejmna na pacienty star 64 let.K identikaci vyuvme zmnu zkona, kter zavedla povinnou spoluast pacient v esk republice v roku 2008.Nae vsledky ukazuj, e po zaveden poplatk se poet vybranch recept snil o 20 procent.Naproti tomu, celkov cena pedepsanch lk se snila jenom v nsledujcm kvartlu a pak se vrtila na stejnou rostouc trajektorii.Bylo to spsobeno tema druhy behaviorln odezvy pacient a lka: posun nkupu lk do obdob tsn ped zavedenm poplatk, pedpisovan vce balen na jeden recept (poplatek
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it