Income instability and fiscal progression
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract We construct the ratio of the post‐fisc to the pre‐fisc variance of the transitory component of family incomes in Canada from 1993 to 2008. The ratio measures how much the tax and transfer system attenuates market income instability. It is shown that the ratio of variances is equivalent theoretically to the concept of residual income progression (squared). The fiscal system became less stabilizing beginning in the late 1990s, especially for families headed by main earners with less than high school education. The trend is attributable to personal income tax reforms and reductions in transfers for lower income families. Résumé Instabilité des revenus et progressivité fiscale . On construit le ratio de la variance de la composante transitoire des revenus des familles au Canada de1993 à 2008 après fiscalité par rapport à avant fiscalité. Ce ratio mesure comment le système de taxes et de transferts atténue l’instabilité des revenus du marché. On montre que le ratio des variances est théoriquement équivalent au concept de progression (au carré) du revenu résiduel. Le système fiscal est devenu moins stabilisant à partir de la fin des années 1990, en particulier pour les familles dont les chefs de famille et sources des principaux gains ont moins qu’un niveau d’éducation secondaire. La tendance est attribuable aux réformes dans l’impôt sur le revenu personnel et aux réductions des transferts vers les familles aux revenus moins élevés.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".