Public Law by Contract: The Reluctant Creation of Private Markets for Welfare Service
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract: This article conducts an analysis into long-term contractual practices for the outsourcing of social services. Until recently social services in Scandinavia have been provided by public entities on an administrative basis. With the primary aim to increase efficiency and reduce public budgets these tasks are however today to a large extent undertaken by private companies on the basis of long-term contracts entered into with local governments (municipalities). This Nordic model for privatization of public welfare is not unconditionally successful. Municipalities seem to hesitate in giving effect to the rising private market for welfare services. They insist on an almost complete control with the performances of the private service providers in the full length of the contracting period. In the legal literature it has been suggested that there are public law limits to privatization. The analysis of contractual strategies and practices for contracting out public welfare in this article shows that there are limits in private law for the ‘publicization’ of contracts and markets as well. Résumé: Cet article analyse les pratiques contractuelles à long terme de la soustraitance de services sociaux. Jusqu’à récemment, les services sociaux en Scandinavie étaient fournis sur un plan administratif par des entités publiques. Or, dans le but principal d’accroître l’efficacité et de réduire les dépenses publiques, ces tâches sont actuellement exercées pour une large part par des entreprises privées sur base de contrats à long terme conclus avec des pouvoirs locaux (municipalités). Ce modèle nordique de privatisation de l’aide sociale ne connaît pas un succès inconditionnel. Les municipalités semblent réticentes face à l’application aux services sociaux de règles du marché privé grandissant. Elles insistent sur un contrôle presque complet des activités des fournisseurs privés de services durant toute la durée de la période contractuelle. On a suggéré dans la doctrine juridique qu’il y a des limites de droit public à la privatisation. L’analyse de stratégies et pratiques contractuelles de transfert des services d’aide sociale révèle dans cet article qu’il y a aussi des limites de droit privé à la ‘publicisation’ de contrats et marchés.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.022 | 0.028 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.007 | 0.027 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.013 | 0.012 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Research integrity | 0.005 | 0.005 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.010 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".