Characteristic Properties of the Treated By-Product of Oil Shale Ash
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The oil sand waste comes about oil production for demand on energy in Canada. Yet, there is not value added economic profit in its reuse, recycle, and upcycling process. Since there are heat and pressure in the happening of the oil sand in the ground layers and it has the mineral solid between 83% and 88%, its waste is strongly possible to show the latent hydraulic activity, like marble powder, on such materials as cement, concrete, mortar, lime, and stucco etc. Thus, it has much value than we think. In regard to production technique of oil in Canada where is the 3rd largest oil producer and has the 3rd largest oil deposit, including 169 billion barrels of oil sand reserve (97% of whole reserve), in the world, there is two important methods. One of them is known as the drilling method, either in-situ method or Steam Assissted Gravity Drainage (the SAGD). The SAGD is used to draw in the oil deposit if the oil is under the ground surface where is much deeper than 70 (m). Second method, that is known the surface mining (the SM), is useful for drawing in the oil deposit if the oil is under the ground surface where is not much deeper than 70 (m). After oil production, there are ponds that are toxic and contain the residue of oil sand. With its reuse and its recycle to economy and its upcycling through new waste disposal methods, such as the replacement of its fine powder with cement in the manufacturing of cement based materials and/or the replacement of its coarse and fine particle with aggregate in the manufacturing of cement based materials and/or the blending of its fine powder in the mixing of fresh cement based materials as the latent hydraulic additive material and/or using the oil sand waste as raw material in the binder manufacturing directly. The most simple method is to selling the oil sand waste as raw material to cement manufacturer after its bitumen extracted wholly. The tested methods are the fineness, the SEM observation, the EDS, and the ICP-MS as well as comprehensive information about production technique of oil sand waste and its econmic value in the study. Additionally, to extract the bitumen from oil sand wholly, a new method containing a distill process was suggested. It is possibly concluded that the oil sand waste (the OSW) could be grinded until it is finer than 3 (μm), the OSW comes about 85% silicon di oxide (SiO2), various geometric and amorphous shapes, and contains the chromium (Cr), the cadmium (Cd), the arsenic (As), and the lithium (Li). Keywords : Oil shale ash; Economic value; Production technique; Oil shle ash-cement; Physical properties; Mechanical properties; Fineness; SEM+EDS; ICP-MS
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".