The Development of Private Higher Education in Nigeria: A Comparative Analysis between Northern and Southern Region
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Private higher education is experiencing a rapid considerable growth for decades globally, particularly in Africa. In Nigeria, the history and the development of private higher education precisely universities which is the focus of this paper started 20 years ago with the establishment of Igbinedion University in Okada, Edo State in 1999, followed by two other universities; Babcock University, Ileshan Remo, Ogun State, and Madonna University, Okija, Anambra State in the same year all in the southern part of the country. Comparatively, the American University of Nigeria Yola was established as the first private university in northern region 4 years later. Two years after, another four universities emerged namely Al-hakima University Ilorin, Al-Qalam University Katsina, Bingham University Karu Abuja, and Kwararafa University Wukari Taraba State. As of December, 2020, there are 16 private universities in the northern region with 11 at north-central, 3 in the northwest, and 2 in the northeast against 63 in the entire southern region comprasing three goe-politcal zones as well. This study intends to critically analyze the trend of these development to identify strategies, practices, and lessons learned between both regions for the spirit of educational development. Consequently, this study revealed the issues and difficulties in promoting private higher education include lack of awareness, lack of human resources, and cost of running in the country as a whole. In line with the identified challenges, the Nigerian government and policymakers are recommended to focus on creating an enabling environment to encourage the establishments of additional private universities more specifically in the northern region.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".