Variation in the Acoustic Measurement of Earbud Earphones in an Anechoic Chamber Due to Changes in the Earphone Placement in Ear Concha
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The growth of 4C products encouraged by innovations has stimulated the persistent development of earphones for high-quality sound reproduction. A typical earbud earphone (EE) is located in the concha of the human ear facing an ear-canal. The placement of earphones in the concha plays a remarkable role in the sound pressure level (SPL) response of an earphone. In this study, ten earphones (E1-E10) were tested for the SPL and total harmonic distortion (THD) response using head and torso simulator (HATS) in an anechoic chamber. The SPL and THD responses of all earphones at position-1 and orientation-1 were declared as a benchmark and a characteristic earphone signature. Hence, based on the responses of all earphones at all orientations and positions, it is concluded that there is a variation in the SPL and THD responses due to change in position and orientation of earphone in the concha. Based on the proposition presented in the work and the safe daily sound exposure, it has been resolved that the variation in the SPL affects the perceived loudness of music/sound and can cause significant differences in the daily sound exposure limit for a human being.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".