Effects of Eco–Friendly Flower Thinning Formulations on a Pollination Insect, Apis mellifera
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Flower thinning is necessary for crop production in various orchards. The effects of various ingredients of Koduri–Plus, an eco–friendly flower thinning formulation (FTF), were determined on the major pollination insect Apis mellifera. Three different FTFs, a mixture of 0.7% zinc and 1.5% manganese (A), a mixture of 0.7% zinc and 2.0% boron (B), a mixture of 2.0% seaweed extract (C), and lime sulfur solution were examined by measuring the contact and oral toxicities against adult worker bees. Both direct spray and oral ingestion of all three 1% FTF solutions did not cause any lethal effects for workers based on 72 h observation, but treatment with 1% lime sulfur solution increased worker mortality. Oral ingestion of FTF A and FTF C did not inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity of workers at 24 h after treatment, but was slightly decreased by FTF B treatment. However, oral ingestion of the organophosphate pesticide dichlorvos or lime sulfur solutions significantly inhibited AChE activities. Our results suggest that manganese and seaweed extract of FTFs were not toxic for honeybees, in terms of contact and ingestion. Therefore, newly developed FTFs can be used to improve flower thinning activity without any detrimental effects on pollinating insects.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".