Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT Using the technology and experience already gained by the oil and gas industry and in groundwater resource management, sequestration of carbon dioxide (CO 2) in geological media is an immediately applicable option for the near- to medium-term mitigation of climate-change effects resulting from the release of anthropogenic CO 2into the atmosphere. Based on its properties and in-situ conditions, CO 2can be sequestered as a gas, a liquid, or in supercritical state in depleted oil and gas reservoirs, uneconomic coal beds, deep saline aquifers, and salt caverns. Using CO 2for miscible flooding of oil reservoirs or for methane production from coal beds has an added economic benefit. The main trapping mechanisms responsible for CO 2sequestration in geological media are geological, solubility, hydrodynamic, mineral, adsorption, and cavern trapping. Basin- scale criteria for CO 2sequestration, such as tectonic setting, hydrodynamic and geothermal regimes, hydrocarbon potential and basin maturity, and surface infrastructure, should be used in determining sedimentary basins in the world that are suitable for CO 2sequestration in geological media. Site-specific criteria, such as particular geological media, in-situ conditions, storage capacity, injectivity and flow dynamics, and sequestration efficiency, need to be applied to identify sites, methods, and capacity for CO 2sequestration. Continental sedimentary basins in North America, foremost in Texas and Alberta, are the prime candidates for CO 2sequestration in geological media, followed by circum-Atlantic shelf basins. However, a series of major issues still needs to be addressed before proceeding with full-scale implementation, such as identification of specific sites and their capacities; proper characterization of the sequestration medium and of in-situ conditions; predicting and monitoring the fate of the injected CO 2; surface CO 2capture, transport, and injection; performance assessment; and, finally, general public acceptance. Nevertheless, CO 2sequestration in geological media is a very promising option for carbon management and is in the stage of development prior to application.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".