Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation on Semen Quality and Reproductive Hormones in Patients with Asthenozoospermia: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Animal models and observational studies have suggested a favorable role of vitamin D in male reproduction. However, randomized clinical trials investigating the effect of vitamin D supplementation on male fertility are limited. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the effect of vitamin D supplementation on semen quality, reproductive hormones, and anthropometric measurements in vitamin D deficient males with Asthenozoospermia. Methods: Forty-four males with infertility were randomly assigned to the vitamin D group (DG, supplemented with 9 pearls of vitamin D containing 50000 IU vitamin D3 once a week for 12 weeks) and placebo group (PG, received 9 pearls of placebo once a week for 12 weeks). Semen quality markers (sperm count, morphology, sperm motility, semen volume), total testosterone, sexual hormone binding globulin (SHBG), free androgen index (FAI), and anthropometric measurements (weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), and waist to hip ratio (WHR) were measured at the baseline and the end of the study. Results: Serum 25-OH-D levels were significantly higher in the DG compared with the PG. In a multivariate adjusted model, WC significantly decreased in the DG in comparison to the CG (-0.90 ± 0.67 cm VS 0.49 ± 0.38 cm). A marginally-significant increase was observed after vitamin D supplementation for SHBG compared to the baseline value in DG (11.69 ± 5.79, P = 0.05). Compared to the baseline value, sperm immotile was decreased after vitamin D supplementation in the DG (-12.35 ± 5.13, P = 0.02). However, no statistical significant differences were observed in the semen quality markers (sperm count, morphology, motility, and volume), total testosterone, free androgen index, and other anthropometric values. Conclusions: Vitamin D supplementation did not improve semen quality markers, reproductive hormones, and other anthropometric measurements in vitamin D–deficient infertile men compared to the control group.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.006 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".