Epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibits proliferation and triggers apoptosis in colon cancer via the hedgehog/phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathways
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The present study evaluated whether epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) effectively attenuates tumor growth in colon cancer cells and in the xenografts of nude mice and investigated the underlying mechanisms by focusing on the sonic hedgehog (Shh) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathways. Three kinds of colon cancer cells and BALB/c nude mice were used to evaluate the antiproliferative effect of EGCG. The apoptosis, migration, and invasion of colon cancer cells were analyzed to explore the toxicity effect of EGCG on colon cancer cells. Western blotting was used to demonstrate the expression levels of related proteins. The results showed that EGCG exhibited an antiproliferative effect against colon cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner with low toxicity against normal colon epithelial cells. Administration of EGCG caused significant apoptosis and inhibited the migration and invasion of colon cancer cells. The toxic effect of EGCG on colon cancer cells was accompanied by downregulation of the Shh and PI3K/Akt pathways. In addition, EGCG reduced tumor volume and weight without affecting the body weight of nude mice and inhibited the activation of the Shh and PI3K/AKT pathways in tumor tissue. Further study showed that purmorphamine (smoothened (Smo) agonist) or insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1, PI3K agonist) partly abolished the effect of EGCG on cell proliferation, migration, and apoptosis. Cyclopamine (Smo inhibitor) and LY294002 (PI3K inhibitor) showed the similar toxic effects as EGCG on colon cancer cells. In conclusion, EGCG inhibited colon tumor growth via downregulation of the Shh and PI3K pathways and may be a potential chemotherapeutic agent against colon cancer.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".