Impact-Induced Cortical Strain Concentrations at the Sulcal Base and Its Implications for Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study investigated impact-induced strain fields within brain tissue surrogates having different cortical gyrification. Two elastomeric surrogates, one representative of a lissencephalic brain and the other of a gyrencephalic brain, were drop impacted in unison at four different heights and in two different orientations. Each surrogate contained a radiopaque speckle pattern that was used to calculate strain fields. Two different approaches, digital image correlation (DIC) and a particle tracking method, enabled comparisons of full-field and localized strain responses. The DIC results demonstrated increased localized deviations from the mean strain field in the surrogate with a gyrified cortex. Particle tracking algorithms, defining four-node quadrilateral elements, were used to investigate the differences in the strain response of three regions: the base of a sulcus, the adjacent gyrus, and the internal capsule of the surrogates. The results demonstrated that the strains in the cortex were concentrated at the sulcal base. This mechanical mechanism of increased strain is consistent with neurodegenerative markers observed in postmortem analyses, suggesting a potential mechanism of local damage due to strain amplification at the sulcal bases in gyrencephalic brains. This strain amplification mechanism may be responsible for cumulative neurodegeneration from repeated subconcussive impacts. The observed results suggest that lissencephalic animal models, such as rodents, would not have the same modes of injury present in a gyrencephalic brain, such as that of a human. As such, a shift toward representative mild traumatic brain injury animal models having gyrencephalic cortical structures should be strongly considered.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".