Activation of glucocorticoid receptors is associated with the suppression of antioxidant responses in the liver of goats fed a high-concentrate diet
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study investigated changes in oxidative stress and the relevant mechanisms in the liver of goats fed a high-concentrate (HC) diet for 5 weeks. Twelve goats were randomly assigned to a low-concentrate (concentrate-to-forage = 55:45, LC, n = 6) or HC diet (concentrate-to-forage = 90:10, n = 6), with dry matter as the base. Enzyme activity assays, real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blotting were used to evaluate antioxidant parameters and gene expression in the liver. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT), total nitric oxide synthase activity and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) in the liver declined (p < .01) in HC-fed goats compared to those in LC-fed goats. The mRNA levels of GPX1, CAT and SOD1 were down-regulated (3.69, 47.37 and 27.61%, respectively) in HC-fed goats compared to those in LC-fed goats. Furthermore, glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1) was upregulated (466.35%, p < .01) in the liver of HC-fed goats. The mRNA and protein levels of the nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (NRF2) and total glucocorticoid receptor (GR) declined (p < .05) in HC-fed goats (by 28.57, 33.1, 30.85 and 34%, respectively). However, the nuclear translocation of GR increased (p < .05; by 44.75%) in HC-fed goats. Negative correlations were detected for hepatic nuclear GR protein expression with hepatic CAT activity and GPx activity. In conclusion, feeding an HC diet to goats for 5 weeks suppressed NRF2-dependent antioxidant responses and enhanced GR nuclear translocation in the liver.HighlightsFeeding goats high-concentrate diets suppresses NRF2-dependent antioxidant responses in liver, downregulating NRF2 and altering SOD1, GPx and CAT activity.This suppression of NRF2-dependent antioxidant responses is associated with GR activation in the liver of goats.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".