The effect of intracranial stenosis on cognitive decline in a memory clinic cohort
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Intracranial stenosis (ICS) is a risk factor for cognitive impairment and dementia in cross-sectional studies. However, data examining the effect of ICS on cognitive decline are limited. We investigated the effect of ICS on cognition over a period of 3 years in a memory clinic cohort. METHODS: Patients were recruited from the National University Hospital in Singapore. Data were collected using a standardised questionnaire, physical examination, and 3-T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at baseline. ICS was defined as arterial narrowing that exceeded 50% of the luminal diameter in any intracranial vessel. Cognition was measured at baseline and annually for 3 years using the Mini-Mental State Examination, the Montreal Cognitive Assessment, and a detailed neuropsychological test battery. The association between ICS and cognitive decline was analysed using generalised estimating equations. RESULTS: A total of 364 patients were included in the analysis. The mean (±SD) age was 71.9 (±8.0) years, and 164 (45.1%) patients were male. A total of 66 (18.1%) patients had ICS. ICS was associated with worse executive function (β = -0.37, 95% confidence interval = -0.68 to -0.05, p = 0.022) and modified the effect of follow-up time on memory (p = 0.005) and visuomotor speed (p = 0.047). These results remained significant after controlling for demographics, overall diagnosis, cardiovascular risk factors, and MRI markers of cerebrovascular disease. CONCLUSIONS: Intracranial stenosis was independently associated with worse executive function across all time points, and cognitive decline in memory and visuomotor speed over 3 years of follow-up. This suggests that ICS may be a useful indicator of vascular brain damage leading to cognitive decline and may warrant consideration of antiatherosclerotic treatment in clinical trials.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".