The Thermal-Oxidation Behavior of Pristine and Doped Magnéli Phase Titanium Oxides
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Magnéli phase titanium oxides (Ti n O 2 n −1 , 4 ≤ n ≤ 10) are important materials for solid state and electrochemical technologies such as memristors, batteries, fuel cells, and electrochemical devices for water treatment. Developing an understanding of transitions between Ti n O 2 n −1 and its product of oxidation, titanium(IV) oxide (TiO 2 ), as well as strategies such as doping to modulate the conditions for such changes will enable the development of more effective devices. To elucidate a mechanism for their thermal oxidation and investigate the influence of doping, the thermal-oxidation behavior in air of Ti 4 O 7 doped with vanadium, chromium, and iron were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). These powders prepared by high-temperature H 2 reduction of dopant-containing TiO 2 were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), gas adsorption analysis, X-ray fluorescence (XRF), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD). V- and Fe-doping improved the thermal stability of Ti 4 O 7 as evidenced by higher onset temperatures in their thermograms. Three-dimensional diffusion reaction models adequately describe the solid-state kinetics of thermal oxidation of Ti 4 O 7 in air as demonstrated by linear model-fitting. Doping shows a mixed influence on the kinetics for thermal oxidation in air reducing both the Arrhenius pre-exponential factor and the activation energy.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it