Association of Depression and Anxiety With Cognitive Impairment 6 Months After Stroke
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objective To investigate the associations between general cognitive impairment and domain-specific cognitive impairment with depression and anxiety at 6 months poststroke. Methods Participants were patients with confirmed acute stroke from the OCS-Care Study who were recruited on stroke wards in a multisite study and followed up at a 6-month poststroke assessment. Depression and anxiety symptoms were assessed by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale subscales, with scores greater than 7 indicating possible mood disorders. General cognitive impairment at follow-up was assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA); stroke-specific cognitive domain impairments were assessed using the Oxford Cognitive Screen (OCS). Linear regression was used to examine the associations between cognition and depression/anxiety symptoms at 6 months, controlling for acute stroke severity and activities of daily living impairment, age, sex, education, and co-occurring poststroke depression/anxiety. Results A total of 437 participants (mean age, 69.28 years [SD 12.17], 226 male [51.72%]) were included in analyses. Six-month poststroke depression (n = 115, 26%) was associated with 6-month impairment on the MoCA (β = 0.96, standard error [SE] 0.31, p = 0.006) and all individual domains assessed by the OCS: spatial attention (β = 0.67, SE 0.33, p = 0.041), executive function (β = 1.37, SE 0.47, p = 0.004), language processing (β = 0.87, SE 0.38, p = 0.028), memory (β = 0.76, SE 0.37, p = 0.040), number processing (β = 1.13, SE 0.40, p = 0.005), and praxis (β = 1.16, SE 0.49, p = 0.028). Poststroke anxiety (n = 133, 30%) was associated with impairment on the MoCA (β = 1.47, SE 0.42, p = 0.001) and spatial attention (β = 1.25, SE 0.45, p = 0.006); these associations did not remain significant after controlling for co-occurring poststroke depression. Conclusion Domain-general and domain-specific poststroke cognitive impairment was found to be highly related to depressive symptomatology but not anxiety symptomatology.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".