Association of Depression and Anxiety With Cognitive Impairment 6 Months After Stroke
Bibliographic record
Abstract
<h3>Objective</h3> To investigate the associations between general cognitive impairment and domain-specific cognitive impairment with depression and anxiety at 6 months poststroke. <h3>Methods</h3> Participants were patients with confirmed acute stroke from the OCS-Care Study who were recruited on stroke wards in a multisite study and followed up at a 6-month poststroke assessment. Depression and anxiety symptoms were assessed by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale subscales, with scores greater than 7 indicating possible mood disorders. General cognitive impairment at follow-up was assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA); stroke-specific cognitive domain impairments were assessed using the Oxford Cognitive Screen (OCS). Linear regression was used to examine the associations between cognition and depression/anxiety symptoms at 6 months, controlling for acute stroke severity and activities of daily living impairment, age, sex, education, and co-occurring poststroke depression/anxiety. <h3>Results</h3> A total of 437 participants (mean age, 69.28 years [SD 12.17], 226 male [51.72%]) were included in analyses. Six-month poststroke depression (n = 115, 26%) was associated with 6-month impairment on the MoCA (β = 0.96, standard error [SE] 0.31, <i>p</i> = 0.006) and all individual domains assessed by the OCS: spatial attention (β = 0.67, SE 0.33, <i>p</i> = 0.041), executive function (β = 1.37, SE 0.47, <i>p</i> = 0.004), language processing (β = 0.87, SE 0.38, <i>p</i> = 0.028), memory (β = 0.76, SE 0.37, <i>p</i> = 0.040), number processing (β = 1.13, SE 0.40, <i>p</i> = 0.005), and praxis (β = 1.16, SE 0.49, <i>p</i> = 0.028). Poststroke anxiety (n = 133, 30%) was associated with impairment on the MoCA (β = 1.47, SE 0.42, <i>p</i> = 0.001) and spatial attention (β = 1.25, SE 0.45, <i>p</i> = 0.006); these associations did not remain significant after controlling for co-occurring poststroke depression. <h3>Conclusion</h3> Domain-general and domain-specific poststroke cognitive impairment was found to be highly related to depressive symptomatology but not anxiety symptomatology.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".