Cancer cells induce hepatocytes apoptosis in co-opted colorectal cancer liver metastatic lesions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Vessel co-option in colorectal cancer liver metastases (CRCLM) has been recognized as one of the mechanistic pathways that contribute to resistance against anti-angiogenic therapy. In vessel co-opted CRCLM lesions, the cancer cells are highly motile that move toward and along the pre-existing sinusoidal vessels and hijack them to gain access to nutrient. The movement of cancer cells is accompanied by replacement of the hepatocytes. However, the molecular mechanisms by which this replacement occurs are unclear yet. To examine the involvement of apoptosis in hepatocytes replacement by cancer cells in co-opted lesions, we conducted immunohistochemical staining for chemonaïve CRCLM specimens using pro-apoptotic markers antibody, such as cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1). The results suggested overexpression of pro-apoptotic markers in liver parenchyma of co-opted lesions compared to angiogenic lesions, specifically the hepatocytes that are in close proximity to the cancer cells. Importantly, co-culturing hepatocytes with colorectal cancer cells induced overexpression of pro-apoptotic markers in the hepatocytes. Altogether, these results propose that cancer cells could exploit apoptosis to replace the hepatocytes and establish vessel co-option in CRCLM.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".