Comparison of the Effect of Holder Pasteurization and High‐Pressure Processing on Human Milk Bacterial Load and Bioactive Factors Preservation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: This project aims at comparing the impact of Holder pasteurization (HoP) and high-pressure processing (HPP) on bacterial load and retention of immunological components in human milk. METHODS: Human milk samples discarded by the Public Mothers' milk bank (Montreal, Canada) for bacterial purpose were pooled (n = 6) and pasteurized either by heating in a water bath (62.5°C, 30 minutes) or by HPP treatment (425 MPa, four cycles of 6 minutes, initial milk temperature of 4°C or 37°C). Bacterial load, lysozyme activity, and levels of immunoglobulins, lactoferrin, lipase, and 26 cytokines were analyzed. Untreated milk samples from same pools served as control. RESULTS: HPP treatment of milk allows a similar elimination of bacteria than HoP; bacterial counts were under the detection limit [<3 colony-forming units (CFU)/mL] in 50% of milk pools after HPP treatment, compared to 17% for HoP. With initial heating of samples to 37°C before HPP treatment, inactivation to an extent under the detection limit was reached in 67% of pools. There is no significant difference in IgA, lysozyme, and cytokines concentrations between untreated milk and all treatment methods. While no significant difference was observed in the amount of lipase (P > 0.07) and IgG (P > 0.11) between untreated milk and HPP-treated milk samples, HoP seems to be damaging for these factors (P < 0.04). IgM is well preserved in HPP-4°C samples compared to untreated milk (P = 0.07) whereas a decrease is observed for this immunoglobulin levels in HPP-37°C and HoP samples (P < 0.01). Lactoferrin activity, is well maintained in HPP-37°C milk samples in comparison to untreated milk samples (P = 0.52). A decrease in activity of this molecule is noted for samples treated with HPP at 4°C (P = 0.02) and this decrease is even more pronounced for HoP samples (P = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: HPP is a promising alternative to HoP for treatment of human milk intended to preterm babies. Our results demonstrate that HPP treatment of human milk provides safe milk with less detrimental effects on the biochemically and immunologically active milk components than HoP.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".