Effect of Time and Legume Type on Germination-Induced Proteolysis of Lentils and Faba Beans
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Legumes are alternative protein sources that have been successfully used to develop diverse meatless foods. Although these plant-based products have a lower impact on the environment than equivalent animal-based products, they have lower protein digestibility. Germination could be a useful bioprocess to enhance protein digestibility in legumes, although its effect at different times of seedling development has been little studied in lentils and faba beans. This work investigated the effect of germination time (4 and 6 days after full seed imbibition) on the proteins of three types of Canadian lentils (“gray zero tannin”, G; “caviar black”, B; and “red dehulled”, D) and faba beans (“zero vicin/convicin”, F). Germination increased total nitrogen (4–14% increase) and total levels of some amino acids: Asp in all the sprouts studied; Ser, Pro, Ala, Cys, His and Lys in G; and Met and Tyr in B. A concurrent degradation of the 7S and 11S globulin subunits, the accumulation of peptides below 20 kDa and free essential and non-essential amino acids (4- to 6-fold increase) were observed after germination in all the legumes studied. These effects were attributable to the increased protease activity observed after sprouting. Trypsin inhibitory activity was lower in legume sprouts, except for D, where a small increase was detected. Time, legume type and their interaction showed significant effects on the parameters studied. Germination effects were generally more remarkable at longer stages of seedling development. Among the legumes studied, D showed a differential behavior characterized by a faster protein degradation and release of small peptides, probably due to its higher protease activity as indicated by principal component analysis. These results evidence the positive effects of germination on the protein digestibility of different lentil types and faba beans. The protein quality of plant-based foods could be improved through the selection of legume species with higher germination-induced proteolytic rates and optimized germination times.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".