Feeding the child with congenital heart disease: a narrative review
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract: Children with congenital heart disease (CHD) are prone to nutritional challenges and undernutrition. For children with unrepaired CHD, growth is often compromised due to caloric imbalance stemming from high energy expenditure and poor nutritional intake as a result of feeding intolerance, fluid restriction, and impaired absorption. The resulting undernutrition is associated with frequent infections, poor wound healing, and increased mortality, creating strong incentives for early and aggressive nutrition intervention. Management strategies are therefore aimed at ensuring that dietary provisions meet the child’s distinctive needs by prioritising human milk for infants, increasing energy delivery through higher caloric density feeds, use of enteral feeding tubes, parenteral nutrition for energy supplementation, and medical therapy to treat feeding intolerance. The perioperative period also presents unique challenges and opportunities for nutritional support, including early introduction of enteral nutrition to support improved postoperative recovery and ensuring feeding delivery meets the child’s energy and protein requirements to avoid a catabolic state. Indirect calorimetry can be utilized to measure energy consumption and avoid under or over nutrition. Specific nutritional approaches affecting the CHD population are also required, such as chylothorax or protein-losing enteropathy, to provide adequate nutritional support without contributing to harm. This narrative review describes the nutritional considerations, obstacles and complications faced by children with CHD across their different phases of care, and the treatment approaches aimed to mitigate a negative impact.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".