Changes to Biceps and Supraspinatus Tendons in Response to a Progressive Maximal Treadmill-Based Propulsion Aerobic Fitness Test in Manual Wheelchair Users: A Quantitative Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Relevance. To develop personalized cardiorespiratory fitness training programs among manual wheelchair users and assess their impact over time, the completion of a performance-based maximal cardiorespiratory fitness test is required. However, these tests could potentially increase the risk exposure for the development of upper limb secondary musculoskeletal impairments. Hence, finding an equilibrium between the need to measure aerobic fitness and the increased risk of developing secondary musculoskeletal impairments when completing performance-based test is fundamental. Objective. To investigate if the completion of a recently developed treadmill-based wheelchair propulsion maximal progressive workload incremental test alters the integrity of the long head of the biceps and supraspinatus tendons using musculoskeletal ultrasound imaging biomarkers. Method. Fifteen manual wheelchair users completed the incremental test. Ultrasound images of the long head of the biceps and supraspinatus tendons were recorded before, immediately after, and 48 hours after the completion of the test using a standardized protocol. Geometric, composition, and texture-related ultrasound biomarkers characterized tendon integrity. Results. Participants propelled during <a:math xmlns:a="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M1"> <a:mn>10.2</a:mn> <a:mo>±</a:mo> <a:mn>2.9</a:mn> <a:mtext> </a:mtext> <a:mtext>minutes</a:mtext> </a:math> with the majority ( <c:math xmlns:c="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M2"> <c:mi>N</c:mi> <c:mo>=</c:mo> <c:mn>13</c:mn> <c:mo>/</c:mo> <c:mn>15</c:mn> </c:math> ) having reached at least the eighth stage of the <e:math xmlns:e="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M3"> <e:mtext>test</e:mtext> <e:mtext> </e:mtext> <e:mo stretchy="true">(</e:mo> <e:mtext>speed</e:mtext> <e:mo>=</e:mo> <e:mn>0.8</e:mn> <e:mtext> </e:mtext> <e:mtext>m</e:mtext> <e:mo>/</e:mo> <e:mtext>s</e:mtext> </e:math> ; <h:math xmlns:h="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M4"> <h:mtext>slope</h:mtext> <h:mo>=</h:mo> <h:msup> <h:mrow> <h:mn>3.6</h:mn> </h:mrow> <h:mrow> <h:mo>°</h:mo> </h:mrow> </h:msup> </h:math> ). All ultrasound biomarkers characterizing tendon integrity, measured in the longitudinal and transversal planes for both tendons, were similar ( <j:math xmlns:j="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M5"> <j:mi>p</j:mi> <j:mo>=</j:mo> <j:mn>0.063</j:mn> </j:math> to 1.000) across measurement times. Conclusion. The performance of the motorized treadmill wheelchair propulsion test to assess aerobic fitness produced no changes to ultrasound biomarkers of the biceps or supraspinatus tendons. Hence, there was no ultrasound imaging evidence of a maladaptive response due to overstimulation in these tendons immediately after and 48 hours after the performance of the test.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.008 | 0.179 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".