Increased insulin resistance is associated with vascular cognitive impairment in <scp>Chinese</scp> patients with cerebral small vessel disease
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate the association between insulin resistance (IR) and vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) in patients with cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD). METHODS: A total of 275 CSVD patients were enrolled in this retrospective case-control study. The homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was used to measure the index of insulin resistance. Cognitive function was assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). Spearman's correlation coefficient was used to evaluate the correlation between HOMA-IR and MoCA score. The variance inflation factor (VIF) was used to detect collinearity between variables. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was employed to confirm whether HOMA-IR is an independent risk factor for VCI in CVSD. Finally, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was conducted to assess the diagnostic value of HOMA-IR in VCI. RESULTS: Of the 275 patients, 164 displayed VCI. VCI patients showed a significantly higher level of HOMA-IR compared to non-VCI patients (P < 0.001). HOMA-IR was negatively correlated with the MoCA score (r = -0.593, P < 0.001). After adjusting for potential confounding variables, using HOMA-IR quartile 1 (<1.11) as the reference, HOMA-IR quartile 3 (1.71-2.50) and quartile 4 (≥2.50) were independently associated with the occurrence of VCI; for each one unit increase in the HOMA-IR, the risk of VCI increased by 177.3% (odds ratio 2.773, 95% confidence interval: 1.050-7.324, P = 0.040) and 444.3% (odds ratio 5.443, 95% confidence interval: 2.109-14.050, P < 0.001), respectively. According to the ROC curve, the optimal cut-off point of HOMA-IR in predicting VCI was 1.55, and the area under the curve was 0.744, with a sensitivity of 71.3% and a specificity of 69.4%. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that increased IR is significantly associated with VCI in CSVD patients.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".