The impact of weighting materials on carbonate pore system and rock characteristics
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The infiltration of the drilling fluids into the drilled formation causes significant alterations in the rock properties due to the interaction between the drilling fluid and the rock pore system. The objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of the most common weighting materials used in water‐based mud (WBM) on carbonate pore system and rock characteristics. Rock‐mud interaction was imposed by using a customized high‐pressure high‐temperature (HPHT) filtration test cell under 2068 kPa differential pressure and 93°C temperature to simulate downhole conditions. For filtration properties, ilmenite WBM showed the maximum values (10.9 cm 3 filtrate volume and 8.7 mm thickness), while baryte recorded the lowest filtrate volume (6.2 cm 3 ) and thickness (4.2 mm). Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) profiles illustrated the changes in the rock pore system due to two aspects: precipitation and dissolution. A general porosity reduction was recorded with all formulations, namely 7.5% and 10.1% for hematite and ilmenite, respectively. The rock permeability showed severe damage after mud exposure that caused the rock average pore size to decrease from macro to meso‐porous. After the mud invasion, the rock electrical resistivity showed alterations with all drilling fluids. Compressional wave velocities (Vp) showed an increasing trend that ranged from 2.52% increase for baryte‐WBM to 6.35% increase by Micromax‐WBM. A general reduction was found for shear wave velocities (Vs) after mud exposure, Micromax‐WBM showed no changes in Vs, while hematite and ilmenite showed the largest decreases of 6.71% and 5.56%, respectively.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".