Dystonia in Performing Artists: Beyond Focal Hand Dystonia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Overuse of specific muscles in perfecting movements in performing arts makes an artist prone to many medical conditions. Musicians' hand dystonia is focal task-specific dystonia (FTSD) of hand among musicians that has been extensively studied. However, embouchure, lower limbs, and laryngeal muscles can also be affected among musicians. Embouchure dystonia (ED) refers to dystonia of the perioral and facial muscles that occurs in musicians while playing embouchure instruments. It is essential to identify ED since the dystonia might become persistent and non-task-specific if the musician continues to play the instrument. Task-specific dystonia of lower limbs among musicians has been exclusively reported among drummers. The diagnosis rests on electromyogram (EMG) of the involved muscles during the task. Singer's dystonia (SD) refers to task-specific laryngeal dystonia that occurs only while singing. The diagnosis of SD is based on laryngeal EMG and spectrographic analysis. Cortical hyperexcitability, loss of inhibition, and aberrant plasticity are central to the pathogenesis in both ED and musicians' hand dystonia. The pathophysiological studies in SD are limited. This review aims to discuss the lesser known dystonias among performing artists - ED, FTSD of lower limb, and SD.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.011 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.006 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".