Racial Differences in the Effect of APOE-ε4 Genotypes on Trail Making Test Part B in Alzheimer’s disease
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The trail making test part B (TMT-B) evaluates "executive" functions, memory, and sensorimotor functions. No previous studies were found to examine the longitudinal effect of apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 (APOE-ε4) genotypes on the TMT-B scores in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and/or mild cognitive impairment (MCI) participants. This study used data from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI): 482 participants with AD, 503 with cognitive normal (CN), 1,293 with MCI at baseline and follow-up of four years. The multivariable linear mixed model was used to determine the longitudinal changes in the TMT-B scores. The individuals with 1 or 2 APOE-ε4 alleles revealed significantly higher TMT-B scores (poor cognitive function) compared with individuals without APOE-ε4 allele at baseline and four follow-up visits (all p values < 0.0001). Compared with Whites, non-Hispanic African American and Hispanic populations had higher TMT-B scores (p = 0.0007 and 0.0044, respectively). Furthermore, stratified by diagnosis, the African American CN group had the highest TMT-B scores (p < 0.0001) and the Hispanic AD group had higher TMT-B scores (p = 0.0123) compared with Whites, while both African American and Hispanic MCI groups had higher TMT-B scores compared with Whites (p = 0.162 and 0.0274, respectively). In addition, stratified by racial groups, the subjects with APOE-ε4 -homozgous and APOE-ε4 -heterozgous showed higher TMT-B scores compared with subjects who carry zero APOE-ε4 allele just in Whites (p = 0.0023 and 0.0003, respectively); whereas there was no difference among APOE-ε4 genotypes in AA and Hispanics. In conclusion, the APOE-ε4 allele was associated with increased TMT-B scores but such associations varied by racial groups.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.030 | 0.017 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.010 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".