Stable Carbon Isotopes Suggest Large Terrestrial Carbon Inputs to the Global Ocean
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The transport of carbon from land to ocean, via rivers, groundwater, and aerosols, is an important component of the global carbon cycle that must be known to accurately assess anthropogenic CO 2 storage on land and in the ocean. Current global carbon cycle budgets have adopted terrestrial carbon inputs to the ocean ranging from 0.5 GtC/yr to 0.9 GtC/yr, derived mainly from estimates of riverine fluxes. However, these budgets ignore the terrestrial carbon inputs from coastal ecosystems and through submarine groundwater discharge (collectively referred to as coastal margin inputs in this study) due to difficulties in making global assessments. Using a numerical model and globally distributed ocean observations of stable carbon isotopes, we estimate terrestrial carbon inputs to the ocean at 1.4 ± 0.5 GtC/yr, with 95% of the coastal margin inputs (0.8 ± 0.5 GtC/yr) occurring in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. This terrestrial carbon flux is largely balanced by an efflux to the atmosphere of 1.2 ± 0.5 GtC/yr, 40% of which occurs in poorly monitored coastal regions and may have been overlooked in previous observation‐based global estimates. Our results suggest more dynamic cycling of carbon in the land‐ocean transition zone than previously thought, and that rivers may not be the only important pathway for terrestrial carbon to the ocean.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".