Uniformly Distributed Near-Field Probing Array for Enhancing the Performance of 5G Millimeter-Wave Beamforming Transmitters
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This letter proposes a uniformly distributed near-field (NF) probing array (NFPA) capable of generating feedback signals suitable for monitoring and improving the performance of a 5G millimeter-wave (mm-wave) beamforming transmitter. The proposed NFPA configuration is carefully designed to ensure comparable coupling ratios between the individual RF chain outputs and the closest NF probes, across a wide frequency range. This maximizes the quality of the feedback signal available to perform array calibration and digital predistortion (DPD) when using realistic 5G modulated signals. A 16-element 27-30-GHz beamforming transmitter is designed and serves as the proof-of-concept prototype. Using a four-element NFPA, the 16 RF chains are calibrated using a 400-MHz modulated signal - achieving less than 0.27 dB and 2.8° root-mean-square (RMS) magnitude and phase calibration errors, respectively. Furthermore, a DPD engine trained using the NFPA-based feedback signal improves the over-the-air transmitted signal's adjacent channel power ratio (ACPR) and error vector magnitude (EVM) from 30 dB and 8.8% to 39 dB and 2.5%, respectively. The DPD also allowed for an increase of the effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) from 27.5 to 33 dBm while staying below the maximum EVM of 3.5%.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".