A Review of Frontal Orbital and Frontal Sinus Fractures and Associated Ocular Injuries - Level I Trauma Center - University Hospital Experience
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Traumatic frontal fractures result from high force injuries and can result in significant morbidity and mortality. The purpose of the current study is to evaluate our Montreal General Hospital (MGH) experience with frontal bone fractures. METHODS: A comprehensive review of our trauma database was performed. All adult patients (>18 years) presenting with a diagnosis of frontal sinus fracture were identified. A thorough retrospective electronic medical records search was performed and relevant data extracted. Specifically, all cases of ocular injury or sequelae were identified and an in-depth review was performed. RESULTS: Between 2008 and 2014, 10,189 trauma patients presented to the MUHC Level 1 trauma center. A total of 1277 patients presented with a facial fracture and 140 had a frontal sinus fracture. The mean age was 43.5 years, 90% were male and the mean hospitalization time was 16.2 days. A significant proportion of patients suffered concomitant craniomaxillofacial fractures including orbital (79%), maxillary (66%), nasal (64%), zygomaticomaxillary complex (34%), nasoorbitoethmoid (31%), Lefort types I-III (18%), and mandibular (8%). Associated cervical spine injuries were documented in 16% of patients. Ocular injuries were present in 30% of subjects. 26% of patients had some form of permanent sequelae from their trauma, mainly neurological. CONCLUSIONS: Due to the intimate association of the frontal bones with the brain and the orbits, frontal sinus fractures demand a sophisticated multidisciplinary craniofacial surgical approach. Given the high rate of ocular injury of 30% as well as severe systemic injuries, the authors propose a modified treatment algorithm for these complex cases.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.008 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".