β-Carotene oxidation products - Function and safety
Bibliographic record
Abstract
β-Carotene oxidation products have newly discovered bioactivity in plants and animals. Synthetic fully oxidized β-carotene (OxBC) has application in supporting livestock health, with potential human applications. The safety of synthetic OxBC has been evaluated. An Ames test showed weak-to-moderate mutagenicity in only one cell line at high concentrations. A mouse micronucleus assay established a non-toxic dose of 1800 mg/kg body weight, and no bone marrow micronuclei were induced. Plant sources of β-carotene inevitably contain varying levels of natural OxBC. Vegetable powders and dried forages can be especially rich. Intakes of natural OxBC for humans and livestock alike have been estimated. The exposure range for humans (1-22 mg/serving) is comparable to the safe intake of β-carotene (<15 mg/d). In livestock, OxBC in alfalfa can contribute ~550-850 mg/head/d for dairy cattle but in forage-deficient poultry feed much less (~1 ppm). Livestock intake of supplemental synthetic OxBC is comparable to OxBC potentially available from traditional plant sources. Human intake of synthetic OxBC in meat from livestock fed OxBC is similar to a single serving of food made with carrot powder. It is concluded that consumption of synthetic OxBC at levels comparable to natural OxBC is safe for humans and animals.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".