Food and initial size influence overwinter survival and condition of a juvenile marine fish (age-0 Atlantic cod)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In subarctic Newfoundland, age-0 Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) settle into coastal habitats in several summer–autumn pulses, resulting in broad length-frequency distributions before winter. Low winter temperatures and potential decreases in food availability pose challenges for young-of-year fish. To examine how size variation affects overwintering success under contrasting food scenarios, we conducted 114-day laboratory feeding trials at ambient overwinter sea temperatures, using demersal age-0 cod collected from Newman Sound, Newfoundland. We reared two size classes of juvenile cod under four daily ration levels (starvation, low, medium, high). We used Fulton’s K condition factor to interpret effects of food availability and fish size on survival over winter. We showed that small amounts of consumed food (<1% BW·day−1) maximized winter growth and condition potential of juvenile cod in Newfoundland waters. With no food, survival of small cod dropped below 80% on Day 47, whereas survival of large juveniles remained >80% until Day 74. Therefore, we expect higher survival of earlier settlers and increased size-selective mortality in age-0 cod during either unproductive or protracted winters, when food abundance is often low.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".