Ozone nanobubble treatments improve survivability of Nile tilapia ( <i>Oreochromis niloticus</i> ) challenged with a pathogenic multidrug-resistant <i>Aeromonas hydrophila</i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria has rapidly increased in aquaculture, which highlights the risk of production losses due to diseases and potential public health concerns. Previously, we reported that ozone nanobubbles (NB-O 3 ) were effective at reducing concentrations of pathogenic bacteria in water and modulating fish immunity against pathogens; however, multiple treatments with direct NB-O 3 exposures caused alterations to the gills of exposed-fish. Here, we set up a modified recirculation system (MRS) assembled with an NB-O 3 device (MRS-NB-O 3 ) to investigate whether MRS-NB-O 3 were 1) safe for tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ), 2) effective at reducing bacterial load in rearing water, and 3) improved survivability of Nile tilapia following an immersion challenge with a lethal dose of MDR Aeromonas hydrophila . The results indicated no behavioral abnormalities or mortality of Nile tilapia during the 14 day study using the MRS-NB-O 3 system. In the immersion challenge, although high bacterial concentration (~2 × 10 7 CFU/mL) was used, multiple NB-O 3 treatments in the first two days reduced the bacteria between 15.9% to 35.6% of bacterial load in water while bacterial concentration increased 13.1% to 27.9% in the untreated control. There was slight up-regulation of non-specific immune-related genes in the gills of the fish receiving NB-O 3 treatments. Most importantly, this treatment significantly improved survivability of Nile tilapia with relative percent survival (RPS) of 64.7 - 66.7% in treated fish and surviving fish developed specific antibody against MDR A. hydrophila . In summary, the result suggests that NB-O 3 is a promising alternative to antibiotics to control bacterial diseases, including MDR bacteria, and has high potential for application in recirculation aquaculture system (RAS). Highlights Multiple treatments of NB-O 3 in a modified recirculation system (MRS) were relatively safe for juvenile Nile tilapia NB-O 3 treatments in MRS significantly improved survivability of Nile tilapia challenged with multidrug-resistant (MDR) A. hydrophila with RPS of 64.7 - 66.7% Concentration of MDR A. hydrophila in MRS was reduced by 15.9 to 35.6% following each NB-O 3 treatment, and increased by 13.1 to 27.9 % in untreated control Surviving fish developed specific antibody IgM against MDR A. hydrophila NB-O 3 is a promising non-antibiotic approach to control diseases caused by MDR A. hydrophila
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".