Risk factors for brain metastases in patients with non-small cell lung cancer: a meta-analysis of 43 studies
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Lung cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. The purpose of our meta-analysis was to assess the risk factors for brain metastases (BM) in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS: Multiple databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and Wanfang, were systematically searched to recruit relevant studies investigating the risk factors for BM in NSCLC patients. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used to evaluate literature quality, and the meta-analysis was performed using the Review Manager 5.3. Evidence quality evaluation was carried out according to the Grading of Recommendation Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) standard. The estimated odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were set as effect measures. Funnel plots and sensitivity analyses were used to assess publication bias and the robustness and reliability of the combined results, respectively. RESULTS: A total of 43 studies with 11,415 participants were included in this meta-analysis. The results indicated that the following factors were significantly associated with an increased risk of BM in NSCLC patients (P<0.05): (I) gender (female) (OR =1.32, 95% CI: 1.17-1.49, P<0.00001); (II) adenocarcinoma (OR =2.34, 95% CI: 1.76-3.11, P<0.00001) or non-squamous cell carcinoma (OR =0.63, 95% CI: 0.42-0.94, P=0.02); (III) advanced tumor stage (OR =1.48, 95% CI: 1.01-2.17, P=0.04); (IV) node stage (OR =2.19, 95% CI: 1.39-3.45, P=0.0007); (V) lymphatic metastasis (OR =2.43, 95% CI: 1.76-3.36, P<0.00001); (VI) epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene mutation (OR =1.88, 95% CI: 1.26-2.80, P=0.002); (VII) kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene (KRAS) gene mutation (OR =2.99, 95% CI: 1.82-4.91, P<0.00001); (VIII) higher levels of carcinoembryonic antigen (P<0.00001), carbohydrate antigen 199 (P<0.0001), cytokeratin-19 fragment (P=0.04), neuron-specific enolase (P<0.00001), and carbohydrate antigen 125 (P=0.0005). CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis demonstrated that NSCLC patients with BM have more aggressive clinical features.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.015 | 0.003 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".