Variations in Numbers of Median Dorsal Thorns and Rows of Teeth in Thorny Skate (Raja radiata) of the Northwest Atlantic
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Data on the number of median dorsal thorns (anterior to the first dorsal fin) and the number of rows of teeth of the thorny skate from various areas of the Northwest Atlantic in 1949-72 were analyzed. The results showed a cline of mean number of median dorsal thorns from the Baffin Island and Ungava Bay areas southward along Labrador and eastern Newfoundland to the Grand Bank and thence westward to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Scotian Shelf and Georges Bank, the higher numbers occurring at lower developmental temperatures and vice versa. The mean tooth-row counts showed a cline which was opposite to that for median dorsal thorns, increasing from the Baffin Island and Ungava Bay areas southward to the Scotian Shelf and Georges Bank. There was a slight tendency toward increased tooth-row numbers with fish length, but the within-area differences were not significant for lengths greater than 24 em which were used in the comparisons among areas. Males tended to have slightly more rows of teeth than females, but there was no clear evidence of sexual dimorphism. The number of tooth-rows in the lower jaw was, on the average, slightly higher than in the upper jaw, but the upper-jaw counts exceeded the lower-jaw counts in small samples from the geographical extremes of the populations studied.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".