Viscoelastic behavior of covalently crosslinked hydrogels under large shear deformations: An approach to eliminate wall slip
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Linear and nonlinear viscoelastic properties of hydrogels significantly contribute to functionality, long-term performance, and stability of the hydrogels. With respect to the nonlinear viscoelastic response of chemically crosslinked hydrogels, the vast majority of publications have reported the type III response (weak strain overshoot). Herein, to measure the true mechanical response of hydrogels subjected to large shear deformations, we developed a technique by chemically bonding and sandwiching two surfaces of a hydrogel to treated glass slides attached to the oscillating rheometer's metal plates. Employing this method, for the first time, we were able to completely alleviate errors attributed to the wall slip in the rheological measurements of soft materials, enabling the accurate evaluation of nonlinear behavior of hydrogels. The results show that these hydrogels follow a type II (strain hardening) response. It is argued that the observed type III response of hydrogels, widely reported in the literature, originates from the wall-slip condition, rather than the inherent viscoelasticity of the hydrogels. This insight has important implications for the future development of hydrogel-based or other soft materials.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".