Existence of lungs in caterpillars of Leucania separata (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae) and Sylepta derogata (Lepidoptera:Pyralidae) and confirmation of their functions
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Locke,a Canadian entomologist, recently suggested that caterpillars have evolved lungs for hemocyte gas exchange. Based on his research, the structure and function of lungs in larvae of Leucania separata and Sylepta derogata were studied by means of electron microscope and other chemical methods. The results indicated that lungs are located at the trachea of the 8th abdominal segment. Their trachea branches are taper, short and abundant, forming tracheal tufts. Through labelling hemolymph with methylene blue, we observed that the hemolymph moves backwards laterally and ventrally to flow through the 8th abdominal segment and tokus, and finally into the heart. The tracheal tufts of the 8th abdominal segment have thinner cuticle than those of the other abdominal segments, and the cuticular intima of tracheal tufts have more tubules appropriate for them to move, which are in favour of the permeation of gas. Normally these tracheal tufts have all kinds of hemocytes, which are abundant in the tufts. A large number of hemocytes released from tissues attach to the tufts by changing their structure when anoxic stress happens, which is favorable to the exchange of gas. These characteristics are similar to lungs of other higher animals, so it is concluded that this structure has the function of lung.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it