An Integrative Analysis of the Effects of Neonicotinoid Pesticides on North American Hummingbirds
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Neonicotinoids are neurotoxic systemic insecticides applied extensively worldwide. The impacts of neonicotinoid exposure on invertebrates are widely studied, however effects on essential vertebrate pollinators like hummingbirds have received little attention. My study into the effects of imidacloprid, a common neonicotinoid, on hummingbirds integrates lab-based and field-based assays with emphasis on cellular, systems, whole-organism, and behavioural levels. Within 2 h of exposure, hummingbirds exhibited a significant depression in energy expenditure (up to 25% +/- 11%). I did not observe effects on feeding behaviour, immune response, or cholinesterase activity in the lab, or stress hormone deposition in feathers collected in the field. I also determined that hummingbirds excrete imidacloprid quickly (elimination half-life of 2.1 h +/- 0.1 h) relative to other bird species. Hummingbirds exist on narrow energy margins, especially during migration and breeding seasons. Therefore, changes in their metabolism following exposures to imidacloprid observed herein could bear important energetic consequences.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".