Bibliographic record
Abstract
The choroid is the part of the uvea located in the posterior part of the eyeball, between the retina and the sclera.It is one of the most vascularized tissues in the body.The choroid is responsible for over 70% of all blood flow in the eye [1].The amount of blood flowing in the choroid in the macular region is as much as seven times greater than in the peripheral part of the retina [1].While the inner part of the retina (outside the macular region) is supplied by the vascular system originating from the central retinal artery, the vascular system of the retina's outer layers comes from the ciliary vessels of the uvea.The choroid provides nutrients and removes metabolic products from the external -the most functionally relevant -part of the retina, and the entire central part of the macula, the so-called foveal avascular zone (FAZ), covering an area of 250-600 µm.The choroid also plays an important role in the process of vision itself.Its melanocytes absorb photons of light scattered inside the eyeball and the intense blood flow helps remove heat from the phototransduction metabolism.The following structures can be distinguished in the histological structure of the choroid: Bruch's membrane adjacent to the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and three vascular layers: the inner layer of choriocapillaries, the middle Sattler's layer and the outer Haller's layer.The choriocapillaries are a dense network of capillaries, adjacent to Bruch's membrane.This layer is about 10 µm thick in the fovea, where the density of the vessels is the highest, and about 7 µm thick at the edges of the macula.The choriocapillary endothelium has numerous fenestrations, especially on the retinal side, which facilitates the directional flow of oxygen and nutrients from the choroid to the RPE [2].Their high permeability to proteins also contributes to the formation of high oncotic pressure in the extravascular stroma, which promotes the flow of substances from the retina to the choroid.Such fenestrations were not found in the endothelium of larger choroidal vessels.The polarity of the choriocapillary layer is also clear with respect to the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptors.The VEGF-1 and VEGF-2 receptors are mainly located in the vicinity of Bruch's membrane.Below the choriocapillary layer, there is an area of medium and small arteries, belonging to Sattler's layer, followed by large blood vessels of Haller's layer.The extravascular cavity contains collagen and elastic fibers, fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells and numerous, very large melanocytes.As in other types of connective tissue, mast cells, macrophages, lymphocytes and plasmocytes are also found here.From the outside, the cho- ABSTRACTThe choroid is one of the most vascularized tissues in the body, responsible for over 70% of the blood flow in the eye.Choroid status seems to be a decisive factor in the pathogenesis of diseases such as age-related macular degeneration, central serous retinopathy, degenerative myopia, retinal vasculitis and some neoplastic diseases.However, traditional imaging methods, including indocyanine green angiography, ultrasound and optical coherence tomography (OCT), do not allow for the exact visualization of its structure.Until recently, the knowledge about choroid morphology was based mainly on post-mortem examinations.Only the application of novel modifications to the OCT technique, including enhanced depth imaging OCT (EDI-OCT), swept source OCT (SS-OCT) and OCT angiography, enabled its better visualization and examination.The increasing availability of these technologies enables fast, repeatable and non-invasive measurements of choroid thickness in everyday clinical practice.The correlation between new anatomical discoveries and functional results may make it possible to broaden the knowledge about pathogenesis of numerous eye diseases and even define new disease units.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.008 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.006 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.111 | 0.101 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".