<i>P</i> ‐Wave Tomography for 3‐D Radial and Azimuthal Anisotropy Beneath Greenland and Surrounding Regions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract We present the first 3‐D images of P ‐wave radial anisotropy (RAN) and azimuthal anisotropy (AAN) down to 750‐km depth beneath Greenland and surrounding regions. Three P ‐wave velocity models (isotropic, RAN, and AAN) are determined by applying a regional tomographic method to simultaneously invert P wave arrival times of 1,309 local events and P wave relative traveltime residuals of 7,202 teleseismic events, which were recorded mainly by the latest GLISN network. A high‐velocity body located beneath northeast Greenland (NEG) exhibits a strong negative RAN and a strong AAN with N‐S to NE‐SW oriented fast‐velocity directions (FVDs). The FVDs are generally consistent with the direction of the fold axis of the Caledonian fold belt, which outcrops in NEG. Beneath the Iceland, Jan Mayen, and Svalbard hotspots, a strong positive RAN and a negligible or weak AAN are revealed, which may reflect effects of upwelling mantle plumes. Among the three hotspots, a weak AAN with a constant FVD is only revealed beneath Iceland, which may reflect the existence of background mantle flow. The RAN and AAN features beneath the Labrador Sea, Davis Strait, and Baffin Bay suggest the following scenario on breakup between Greenland and Canada: the breakup was initiated at the Labrador Sea due to local mantle upwelling, but the northward propagation of the breakup was blocked by a strong high‐velocity anomaly beneath Davis Strait; the opening of Baffin Bay might be caused passively by far‐field plate forces.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".