Depth of Central Venous Catheterization by Intracardiac ECG in Paediatric Patients
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Central venous catheterization is a frequent procedure in cardiac surgery and intensive care setting. Its faulty positioning can cause severe complications, which can be fatal and erroneous central venous pressure measurement. Methods: In this prospective study, the right internal jugular vein (IJV) was cannulated in cardiac surgery patients over a period of four months and catheter tip positioning was guided by means of intracardiac ECG. The insertion depth was registered at the position of maximum P-wave amplitude and the catheter was fixed after withdrawing a further two cm. Pearso n’s correlation coefficient was calculated to categorize any relation between height, body weight or body surface area (BSA) and the depth of insertion required to locate correct positioning. Plots of distance versus patien t’s height were made, and regression lines and equations were calculated. Bland-Altman analysis of data was done to compare the old formulae with our derived formulae. 155 adult patients were studied. Results: Distances measured were found to be highly correlating with patien t’s height, followed by body surface area (BSA) and weight. For right IJV cannulation in valvular surgeries in adults, the depth of insertion (cm) was (Height in cm / 15) + 2 and in non-valvular surgeries in adults, it was (Height in cm / 15) + 1.4. Conclusions: The devised formulae accurately predicted the required depth of catheters thereby reducing the possibility of complications and need for radiographic confirmation. doi:10.4021/ijcp17e
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".