<i>In Situ</i> Reproducible Sharp Tips for Atomic Force Microscopy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Atomically sharp tips are a requirement for scanning-probe microscopy, such as scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Compared with STM, AFM imaging is more sensitive to the sharpness of tip apices because long-range forces act as a background signal on the high-resolution AFM images originating from short-range forces. Here we report the investigation of in situ reproducible sharp tips for AFM. We make an ${\mathrm{Ag}}_{2}\mathrm{S}$ crystal, a mixed ionic and electronic conductor, on a conventional $\mathrm{Si}$ cantilever, and controllably grow and shrink the $\mathrm{Ag}$ nanoprotrusion by changing the polarity of the bias voltage between the tip and the sample. We are able to reduce the contribution of long-range forces by growing a $\mathrm{Ag}$ nanoprotrusion on the ${\mathrm{Ag}}_{2}\mathrm{S}$ tip, and obtain atomic-resolution AFM images. We also confirm that the ${\mathrm{Ag}}_{2}\mathrm{S}$ tip with a $\mathrm{Ag}$ nanoprotrusion, the end of which presumably terminates in $\mathrm{Si}$ atoms, is capable of simultaneous AFM and STM measurements.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".