Fluorescence Guided Resection and Photodynamic Therapy in Meningiomas
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Meningiomas represent 30% of all intracranial neoplasms. They are predominantly slow growing, extra axial brain tumours arising from arachnoidal cells and usually have an excellent prognosis if completely removed. However, radical tumour removal near vital functional structures and areas of infiltration is not always possible and histologically "benign" meningiomas may exhibit aggressive behaviour like infiltration and early recurrence. Biological markers to make areas of infiltration visible by fluorescence might therefore have a significant impact on patient survival and quality of life. 5-Aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) is a precursor in the cellular heme biosynthesis. The application of exogenous 5-ALA leads to an intracellular accumulation of protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), causing PpIX saturated cells to become fluorescent and photosensitive under light of an appropriate wavelength. 5-ALA induced PpIX fluorescence has the ability to define infiltration zones into dural structures and bone and mark residual meningioma tissue. It has the potential to facilitate meningioma resection and to individualize the extent of dural resection for each patient. Specific intracellular accumulation of PpIX can be used for photodynamic therapy (PDT). Induction of selective apoptosis, reduction of tumour vessel density and no risk of secondary carcinogenesis make PDT an ideal treatment option for meningiomas. Due to the variable potential for PpIX accumulation within different meningioma subtypes, further research is required to ensure sufficiently intense fluorescence to enable PDT in these cases.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".