New Ulva lactuca Algae Based Chitosan Bio-composites for Bioremediation of Cd(II) Ions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The current article covers the production of chitosan (CS) from shells of shrimp waste and its utilization in the preparation of eco-friendly imprinting and non-imprinting composites with Ulva lactuca algae (Alg). These bio-composites namely (Imp-Alg-25wt% CS) and (NImp-Alg-25wt% CS) were used for removal of Cd(II) ions. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra, scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with electron dispersive X-ray (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and elemental analysis measurements were performed to characterize these bio-composites sorbents. The highest adsorption of these sorbents towards Cd(II) ions was determined as a function of solutions pH, contact time, Cd(II) ion concentration, beads dose, and temperature. The equilibrium experimental data were treated using various mathematical isotherm and kinetic models to approve the maximum bio-sorption capacities of NImp-Alg-25wt% CS and Imp-Alg-25wt% CS (in mg/g). The results exhibited that Imp-Alg-25wt% CS gave higher removal capacity than NImp-Alg-25wt% CS at the same optimum parameters. Pseudo-2nd order dynamic and Langmuir isotherm models were well described in these biosorption processes. Thermodynamically, the removal behavior of Cd(II) using both bio-composites was spontaneous at room temperature. The reusability of the sorbents, NImp-Alg-25wt% CS and Imp-Alg-25wt% CS, showed three cycles. In addition, comparative study was also conducted for Cd(II) removal onto some reported sorbents.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".