Sodium recovery from crystallization waste of <scp>Bayer</scp> liquor in alumina beneficiation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The residue generated in the crystallization stage of the Bayer process to obtain alumina may be used for sodium recovery. The addition of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH) 2 ) to the residues of the Bayer process may become an alternative study for recovering the caustic soda (NaOH) inserted in the process, so the objective of this work is to utilize the causticization technique in a real residue obtained from the crystallization step of the Bayer liquor. The residue characterized presented 13% Al, so this indicated that there were losses of this element in the Bayer process. Also, the presence of Na 2 C 2 O 4 , Na 2 CO 3 , and NaAlO 2 were observed. The total sodium recovery was 87%, and the best condition for causticization to occur was in the use of a 1:1 molar ratio (Na 2 C 2 O 4 and Ca(OH) 2 ), during 6 h of reaction, and at 80°C, with the conversion of 96% of the organic carbons present in the solution. The causticization was effective in separating sodium from residue in the removal of oxalates, organics, and aluminium, and it provided a reaction that separated oxalates and carbonates that are harmful to the aluminium obtaining process.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".