Determination of Aggregation Numbers of Bile Salt Micelles with the Depression of the Solution Freezing Point
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The special geometry of the steroid skeleton causes formation of bile acid anion micelles with small aggregation numbers, in contrast to aliphatic amphiphiles. Relative to the tendency to reduce membrane toxicity, pharmacological investigations of bile acids are mainly concerned with their oxo derivatives. Since micelles of these bile acids have been insufficiently studied, the objective of this work is the determination of aggregation numbers of corresponding micelle monomers. The aggregation numbers were determined using the freezing point depression of the solutions by applying the appropriate equations of Debye-Hückel, Guggenheim and Gibbs-Duhems, and using pNa data measured with a Na-selective electrode. Depending on the structure of the bile acid anion, the values obtained for the aggregation numbers were in the range from 2.09 to 3.44. The increase in number of oxo groups in the molecule is accompanied by a decrease in hydrophobicity of the convex side of the steroid skeleton of the bile acid anion, resulting in a lower aggregation number.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it