Photodynamic Therapy as an Oxidative Anti-Tumor Modality: Negative Effects of Nitric Oxide on Treatment Efficacy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Anti-tumor photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a unique oxidative stress-based modality that has proven highly effective on a variety of solid malignancies. PDT is minimally invasive and generates cytotoxic oxidants such as singlet molecular oxygen (1O2). With high tumor site-specificity and limited off-target negative effects, PDT is increasingly seen as an attractive alternative or follow-up to radiotherapy or chemotherapy. Nitric oxide (NO) is a short-lived bioactive free radical molecule that is exploited by many malignant tumors to promote cell survival, proliferation, and metastatic expansion. Typically generated endogenously by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS/NOS2), low level NO can also antagonize many therapeutic interventions, including PDT. In addition to elevating resistance, iNOS-derived NO can stimulate growth and migratory aggressiveness of tumor cells that survive a PDT challenge. Moreover, NO from PDT-targeted cells in any given population is known to promote such aggressiveness in non-targeted counterparts (bystanders). Each of these negative responses to PDT and their possible underlying mechanisms will be discussed in this chapter. Promising pharmacologic approaches for mitigating these NO-mediated responses will also be discussed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".