High-dose-rate effects in the radiolysis of water at elevated temperatures
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Monte Carlo track chemistry simulations were used to study the effects of high dose rates on the radical ([Formula: see text], H•, and •OH) and molecular (H2 and H2O2) yields in the low linear energy transfer (LET) radiolysis of liquid water at elevated temperatures between 25 and 350 °C. Our simulation model consisted of randomly irradiating water with single pulses of N incident protons of 300 MeV (LET ∼ 0.3 keV/μm), which penetrate at the same time perpendicular to this water within the surface of a circle. The effect of dose rate was studied by varying N. Our simulations showed that, at any given temperature, the radical products decrease with increasing dose rate and, at the same time, the molecular products increase, resulting from an increase in the inter-track, radical–radical reactions. Using the kinetics of the decay of hydrated electrons at 25 and 350 °C, we determined a critical time (τc) for each value of N, which corresponds to the “onset” of dose-rate effects. For our irradiation model, τc was inversely proportional to N for the two temperatures considered, with τc at 350 °C shifted by an order of magnitude to shorter times compared with its values at 25 °C. Finally, the data obtained from the simulations for N = 2000 generally agreed with the observation that during the track stage of radiolysis, free radical yields increase, whereas molecular products decrease with increasing temperatures from 25 to 350 °C. The exceptions of [Formula: see text] and H2 to this general pattern are briefly discussed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".