High-dose-rate effects in the radiolysis of water at elevated temperatures
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Monte Carlo track chemistry simulations were used to study the effects of high dose rates on the radical ([Formula: see text], H • , and • OH) and molecular (H 2 and H 2 O 2 ) yields in the low linear energy transfer (LET) radiolysis of liquid water at elevated temperatures between 25 and 350 °C. Our simulation model consisted of randomly irradiating water with single pulses of N incident protons of 300 MeV (LET ∼ 0.3 keV/μm), which penetrate at the same time perpendicular to this water within the surface of a circle. The effect of dose rate was studied by varying N. Our simulations showed that, at any given temperature, the radical products decrease with increasing dose rate and, at the same time, the molecular products increase, resulting from an increase in the inter-track, radical–radical reactions. Using the kinetics of the decay of hydrated electrons at 25 and 350 °C, we determined a critical time (τ c ) for each value of N, which corresponds to the “onset” of dose-rate effects. For our irradiation model, τ c was inversely proportional to N for the two temperatures considered, with τ c at 350 °C shifted by an order of magnitude to shorter times compared with its values at 25 °C. Finally, the data obtained from the simulations for N = 2000 generally agreed with the observation that during the track stage of radiolysis, free radical yields increase, whereas molecular products decrease with increasing temperatures from 25 to 350 °C. The exceptions of [Formula: see text] and H 2 to this general pattern are briefly discussed.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".