Spatial and temporal distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) from the Great Lakes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
To examine the spatial and temporal distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) (Br1-Br7) in biota from the Great Lakes, lake trout ('Salvelinus namaycush' W) were analysed by high-resolution mass spectrometry. The spatial analysis was performed using lake trout collected from Lakes Superior, Huron, Erie, and Ontario in 1997. The temporal trend was based on take trout samples collected from Lake Ontario between 1978 and 1998. PBDE concentrations were higher in lake trout from Lake Ontario at 434 ± 100 ng/g lipid weight (lw) in comparison to Lakes Superior (392 ± 159 ng/g lw), Huron (251 ± 98 ng/g lw), and Erie (117 ± 37 ng/g lw). The PBDE concentrations in lake trout from Lake Ontario increased from 2.8 ± 1.2 ng/g lw in 1978 to 919 ± 225 ng/g lw in 1998. In all samples, the predominant PBDE congeners detected were 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47), 2,2',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-99), and 2,2',4,4',6-pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-100), which are also the main components in a commercial PBDE flame-retardant. Together these data demonstrate that PBDEs are ubiquitous pollutants bioaccumulating in the Great Lakes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".