Evidence for role of capillaries in regulation of skeletal muscle oxygen supply
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract How oxygen (O2) supply to capillaries is regulated to match the tissue's demand is unknown. Erythrocytes have been proposed as sensors in this regulatory mechanism since they release ATP, a vasodilator, in an oxygen saturation (SO2)‐dependent manner. ATP causes hyperpolarization of endothelial cells resulting in conducted vasodilation to arterioles. Objective We propose individual capillary units can regulate their own O2 supply by direct communication to upstream arterioles via electrically coupled endothelium. Methods To test this hypothesis, we developed a transparent micro‐exchange device for localized O2 exchange with surface capillaries of intact tissue. The device was fabricated with an O2 permeable micro‐outlet 0.2 × 1.0 mm. Experiments were performed on rat extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle using dual wavelength video microscopy to measure capillary hemodynamics and erythrocyte SO2. Responses to local O2 perturbations were measured with only capillaries positioned over the micro‐outlet. Results Step changes in the gas mixture %O2 caused physiological changes in erythrocyte SO2, and appropriate changes in flow to offset the O2 challenge if at least 3–4 capillaries were stimulated. Conclusion These results support our hypothesis that individual capillary units play a role in regulating their erythrocyte supply in response to a changing O2 environment.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".