Quantifying the human influence on the intensity of extreme 1- and 5-day precipitation amounts at global, continental, and regional scales
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Previous detection and attribution analyses suggest that human-induced increases in greenhouse gases have contributed to observed changes in extreme precipitation. However, all previous detection and attribution studies of observed changes in extreme precipitation i) use station data that have been heavily processed via gridding, transformation, and spatial and temporal averaging or other dimension reduction approaches, as well as using climate models to estimate the responses to external forcing, ii) also use models to estimate the unforced natural variability of extreme precipitation. Both aspects reduce user confidence in detection and attribution results. We use a novel detection and attribution analysis method that is applied directly to station data in the areas considered without prior processing and use climate models only to obtain estimates of the space-time pattern of extreme precipitation response to external forcing. We use records of the annual maximum one day (Rx1day) or five consecutive days (Rx5day) precipitation accumulations from 5,081 land-based stations spanning the period 1950-2014 with at least 45 years of coverage, including at least 3 years in the period 2010-2014. Expected responses to external forcings are estimated from ALL and NAT forcings simulations from large ensemble simulations performed with CanESM2 and from a multi-model ensemble that participated in phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). Changes at these stations are evaluated by fitting non-stationary Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) distributions at individual stations to the logarithms of observed Rx1day and Rx5day values. Non-stationarity in the GEV distribution is permitted by using location parameters that are allowed to be linearly dependent on climate model-simulated responses in ln(Rx1day) and ln(Rx5day) to different forcings. We perform the detection and attribution analysis across different spatial scales, including the global, continental, and regional scales. The influence of anthropogenic forcings on extreme precipitation is detected over the global land area, three continental regions (western Northern Hemisphere, western Eurasia, and eastern Eurasia), and many smaller IPCC regions, including C. North-America, E. Asia, E.C. Asia, E. Europe, E. North-America, N. Europe, and W. Siberia for Rx1day, and C. North-America, E. Europe, E. North-America, N. Europe, Russian-Arctic, and W. Siberia for Rx5day. Consistency between our study and previous studies substantially increases confidence in detection and attribution findings concerning extreme precipitation. The attributed effects of anthropogenic forcing on extreme precipitation include substantially decreased waiting times between extreme annual maximum events in regions where anthropogenic influence has been detected and intensification of extreme precipitation that, at a global scale is consistent with the Clausius-Clapeyron rate of about 7% per 1°C of warming.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".