Obesity, but not hyperandrogenism or insulin resistance, predicts skeletal muscle mass in reproductive‐aged women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of 45 observational studies
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Summary Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) exhibit reduced muscle insulin‐mediated glucose uptake, potentially attributed to altered muscle mass; however, this is inconclusive. Altered muscle mass may aggravate PCOS complications. Our systematic review and meta‐analysis evaluated whether PCOS alters muscle mass and function. Databases (MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus) were searched through September 2, 2020, for studies documenting skeletal muscle mass (lean tissue mass) and function (strength) in PCOS and control groups. The primary outcome was total lean body mass (LBM) or fat‐free mass (FFM). Data were pooled by random‐effects models and expressed as mean differences and 95% confidence intervals. Forty‐five studies ( n = 3676 participants) were eligible. Women with PCOS had increased total (0.83 [0.08,1.58] kg; p = 0.03; I 2 = 72.0%) yet comparable trunk (0.84 [−0.37,2.05] kg; p = 0.15; I 2 = 73.0%) LBM or FFM versus controls. Results of meta‐regression analyses showed no associations between mean differences between groups in total testosterone or homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance and total or trunk LBM or FFM (All: p ≥ 0.75). Mean differences in body mass index (BMI) were associated with total (0.65 [0.23,1.06] kg; p < 0.01; I 2 = 56.9%) and trunk (0.56 [0.11,1.01] kg; p = 0.02; I 2 = 42.8%) LBM or FFM. The PCOS subgroup with BMI ≥ 25 kg/m 2 had greater total LBM or FFM versus controls (1.58 [0.82,2.34] kg; p < 0.01; I 2 = 64.0%) unlike the PCOS subgroup with BMI < 25 kg/m 2 (−0.45 [−1.94,1.05] kg; p = 0.53; I 2 = 69.5%). Appendicular lean mass and muscle strength data were contradictory and described narratively, as meta‐analyses were impossible. Women with PCOS have higher total and trunk lean tissue mass attributed to overweight/obesity, unlike hyperandrogenism or insulin resistance.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.021 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".