Empowerment or enslavement: The impact of technology‐driven work intrusions on work–life balance
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Information and communication technology (ICT) tools have become an integral component of our lives, enabling individuals to seamlessly cross the work/life border with minimal effort. This paper examines the mechanisms through which work‐related ICT use beyond worktime (Wk_ICT) impacts work–life balance (WLB) through four mediator paths: work‐to‐life conflict, life‐to‐work conflict, work‐to‐life enrichment, and life‐to‐work enrichment. Data from 423 professionals from Canada was analyzed using the multiple mediation approach with bootstrapping using the PROCESS add‐on to SPSS. The results allude to a possible downward spiralling effect of diminishing WLB resulting from excessive work ICT use beyond worktime. The findings add to the literature by empirically demonstrating the mechanisms by which Wk_ICT impact WLB through cross‐domain conflict and enrichment.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.015 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.006 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".